How to Grow a Cup of Quick Crystal Needles

Grow a cupful of Epsom salt crystal needles in your refrigerator. Its quick, easy, and safe. Difficulty: Easy Time Required: 3 hours Ingredients cup or small bowlepsom salthot tap water What You Do In a cup or small, deep bowl, mix 1/2 cup of Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate) with 1/2 cup of hot tap water (hot as it will get from the faucet).Stir about a minute to dissolve the Epsom salts. There will still be some undissolved crystals at the bottom.Place the cup in the refrigerator. The bowl will fill with needle-like crystals within three hours. Magnesium sulfate crystals readily take up dye, such as food coloring. Copyright (c) by Dai Haruki. All Rights Reserved. / Getty Images Tips for Success Dont use boiling water to prepare your solution. You will still get crystals, but they will be more threadlike and less interesting. The temperature of the water helps control the concentration of the solution.If you like, you can place a small object at the bottom of the cup to make it easier to remove your crystals, such as a quarter or plastic bottle cap. Otherwise, carefully scoop the crystal needles from the solution if you wish to examine them or save them.Dont drink the crystal liquid. Its not toxic, but its not good for you either. Learn About Epsomite The name of the crystal grown in this project is epsomite. It consists of hydrated magnesium sulfate with the formula  MgSO4 ·7H2O. The needle-like crystals of this sulfate mineral are orthorhombic as Epsom salt, but the mineral readily absorbs and loses water, so it may spontaneously switch to the monoclinic structure as a hexahydrate. Epsomite is found on the walls of limestone caverns. The crystals also grow on mine walls and timbers, around volcanic fumaroles, and rarely as sheets or beds from evaporation. While the crystals grown in this project are needles or spikes, the crystals also form fibrous sheets in nature. The pure mineral is colorless or white, but impurities may give it a gray, pink, or green color. It gets its name for Epsom in Surrey, England, which is where it was first described in 1806. Epsom salt crystals are very soft, with a Moh scale hardness around 2.0 to 2.5. Because it is so soft and because it hydrates and rehydrates in the air, this is not an ideal crystal for preservation. If you want to keep Epsom salt crystals, the best choice is to leave it in a liquid solution. Once the crystals have grown, seal the container so no more water can evaporate. You can observe the crystals over time and watch them dissolve and reform. Magnesium sulfate is used in agriculture and pharmaceuticals. The crystals may be added to water as bath salts or as a soak to relieve sore muscles. Crystals may also be mixed in with soil to help improve its quality. The salt corrects magnesium or sulfur deficiency and is most often applied to roses, citrus trees, and potted plants.

Victorias Secret Marketing Plan - 6244 Words

Victoria’s Secret Dominika Wolfova dominickaaa@yahoo.com MK 300 – Principles of Marketing Ivan Ã… ½Ãƒ ¡ry Marketing Plan Jun 4, 2010 Table of Contents Executive Summary Marketing Objectives Products or Services Resources Needed Projected Outcomes Company Description Strategic Focus and Plan Mission/Vision Goals Core Competency Situation Analysis Internal Focus Strengths Weaknesses External Focus Opportunities Threats Industry Analysis/Trends Competitor Analysis Company Analysis Customer Analysis SWOT Analysis Summary Market – Product Focus Marketing and Product Objectives Target Markets Points of Difference Positioning Marketing Program Product and Product†¦show more content†¦Victoria’s Secret characteristic core competencies let it to product great quality products, at the same time reach customers’ expectations, and reach wide range of customers. Victoria’s Secret knows how to achieve customers’ needs and wants, also know how to respond to customers’ needs and wants. Moreover, Victoria’s Secret outshines at creating a brand, making a name for its company and management. Based on these strengths, they are able to produce quality products and at the same time remain low cost. Overall, Victoria’s Secret is a brand recognized worldwide due to its well-organized management and exceptional marketing skills. Situation Analysis Victoria’s Secret has an enormous number of strengths. Due to these strengths, Victoria’s Secret is so popular, profitable and the largest element of Limited Brands portfolio. However, the company has some problems, which are based on its weaknesses and threats. In order to do a complete situation analysis of Victoria’s Secret internal and external focuses, we need to do SWOT analysis, strengths (S), weaknesses (W), opportunities (O) and threats (T). Based on SWOT analysis, Victoria’s Secret should maximize its strengths and opportunities and minimize its weaknesses and threats. Internal Focus Strengths Victoria’s Secret has grown from only six stores at the beginning into a gigantic retail lingerie business. It does notShow MoreRelatedVictorias Secret Marketing Plan6238 Words   |  25 PagesVictoria’s Secret Dominika Wolfova dominickaaa@yahoo.com MK 300 – Principles of Marketing Ivan Ã… ½Ãƒ ¡ry Marketing Plan Jun 4, 2010 Table of Contents Executive Summary Marketing Objectives Products or Services Resources Needed Projected Outcomes Company Description Strategic Focus and Plan Mission/Vision Goals Core Competency Situation Analysis Internal Focus Strengths Weaknesses External Focus Opportunities Threats Read MoreLiterature Review1211 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Literature review Definition of marketing strategy There are a lot of authors speak about the marketing strategy, the marketing strategy is very important in business, it can lead the firm towards attractively economic opportunities which are adapted to their imagination and know how to provide a potential to help the company grow and earn more profits (Lambin,1997). 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Bacterial Motility in Different Environments

Question: Discuss about the Bacterial Motility in Different Environments. Answer: Introduction The literature review is based on mobility of bacteria in different surroundings. Bacterial motility is executed by Motile Escherichia coli (E.coli). The ability of bacteria to move from one place to another by help of flagella is called bacterial motility (Hagai et al. 2014). This literature review focuses on environmental impact on bacterial motility, superiority of spatial sensing to temporal sensing, bacterial strategies of swimming, mechanism of gradient sensing and influence of scaling and energy. It also emphasizes on chemotactic reaction of aquatic microorganisms, extent to which growth and competition is influenced by the availability of nutrients, influence of organic nutrients and oxygen on migration of mobile E.coli and provision of bacterial dispersal on solid surface motility. According to a study on environmental impact on bacterial motility, the mobility of Escherichia coli was inhibited by heavy metal ions at low concentration. It was found that the motility rate could be enhanced by chelating of these metals stimulated by amino acids. Excellent motility rate of E.coli was found by replacing peptone (a complex medium for motility) by chelating agents, a source of energy and a buffering agent. It was observed that that flagella synthesis was prevented by glucose that imparts an inhibitory effect (Adler and Templeton 1967). According to a comparative study made on the superiority of spatial sensing to temporal sensing in bacterial motility, it was found that under certain habitat conditions the spatial sensing could function better as compared to temporal sensing mechanism. However, at low concentration range and shallow gradient, the temporal mechanisms are found to be more functional and advantageous in mobility of bacteria. Nevertheless, in case of spatial sensing where size is the limiting factor, it was observed that bacterial chemotaxis took place. Thus, it was concluded that temporal or spatial mechanism was favored depending on the specific environmental conditions (Dusenbery 1998). A study on bacterial strategies of swimming and conditions of turbulence suggests that the strategy of back and forth was superior to back and tumble strategy of swimming in terms of efficiency. It was previously studied that chemotaxis facilitates the bacteria in keeping close proximity with the food source despite of high shear stress. This strategic swimming mechanism can be enhanced further more in terms of efficiency by rotational diffusion by virtue of a driving force of thermal noise (Luchsinger, Bergersen and Mitchell 1999). According to a study on mechanism of gradient sensing in bacterial chemotaxis, it was found that gradients are detected by temporal sensing mechanism in bacteria. The study was conducted by developing a typical model of temporal apparatus. This model was subjected to abrupt modifications in concentration range of the attractants. The tumbling effect associated with spatial gradient was elicited with decrease in the concentration level. It was also observed that a sudden increase in concentration results in elicitation of a response called super coordinated swimming. Thus, it was demonstrated that below and above the stable state, chemotaxis could be achieved by modulating the turbulence (Macnab and Koshland 1972). A study on the influence of scaling and energy in bacterial motility demonstrated that bacterial size has an impact on its movement. It was studied by determining the cost of four bacterial strategies of chemotaxis in terms of energy expenditure. The study involved different sized bacteria. The results showed that the chemotactic strategies involved in bacteria have the similar functioning in context of size to energy expenditure as observed in animals. This adaptation is acquired by variation in the locomotory strategies depending on the bacterial size and surrounding (Mitchell 2002). According to a study on the chemotactic reaction of aquatic microorganisms towards nutrient sources, it was found that the oceanic thermodynamics and biogeochemical drift have strong connection with the resource exploitation by microbes. It was found that the swimming microorganisms face certain obstructions like turbulent shear and molecular diffusion. These factors limit the accessibility of nutrients as well as also affect its capability to find the nutrient source. Many theoretical predictions were made previously, but a practical approach of using microfluids led to better understanding of microbial behavior and marine ecology (Seymour and Marcos 2007). A study was conducted to investigate the extent to which growth and competition of the microbial colonies present in micropatches are influenced by the availability of nutrients. The sources of these nutrients were also studied. The chemotactic microorganisms (bacteria) were inspected for their swimming behaviour and pattern. It was observed that bacterial clusters by Protozoa were formed because of conjugation along with cell break down and elimination. The nutrient sources were spread inside the patches having diameter of a few millimeters. It was observed that for about 10 minutes the bacterial swarms were retained. During this period of retention, the bacteria were encountered by large amount of nutrients. Thus, it was concluded that chemotaxis was beneficial for the bacteria utilizing micropatches (Blackburn, Fenchel and Mitchell 1998). According to a study, organic nutrients along with oxygen influenced the migration of mobile E.coli in bands. The study was conducted by placing the mobile E.coli in a capillary tube consisting of nutrient and oxygen. It was observed that the contents migrated out of the tube followed by one or two band formation. It was found that the bacteria created a gradient of oxygen and nutrient source. They moved along the pathway that involved higher concentration of chemical agents. Thus, it was concluded that chemotaxis helps the bacteria to find favorable surroundings that provide optimal nutrient and oxygen supply (Adler 1966). A study stated bacterial dispersal on solid surface is promoted by surface motility in respect to their induction, attraction and hitchhiking. It was found that the bacteria get benefitted ecologically due to its locomotive capability on solid surface. Xanthomonas sp. has this advantageous trait because it utilizes motile bacteria present in the surroundings. X.perforans and Paenibacillus vortex were used as models for the study. It was observed that X.perforans promoted surface mobility and attracted mobile bacteria to drive them for dispersal (Hagai et al. 2014). Conclusion The review of literature has been done based on various aspects of bacterial motility under different environment. It is found that chelating agents to promote bacterial motility can replace glucose, spatial sensing is favoured under certain environmental conditions, and back and forth swimming strategy is preferred. It is also found that gradients are detected by temporal mechanism, bacterial motility is influenced by size, microfluids help in better understanding of microbial behaviour and microbial growth is influenced by food accessibility, bacterial migration is influenced by oxygen and bacterial dispersal on solid surface. Therefore, it is concluded that environment plays a great role in bacterial motility. References: Adler, J. and Templeton, B., 1967. The effect of environmental conditions on the motility of Escherichia coli.Microbiology,46(2), pp.175-184. Adler, J., 1966. Chemotaxis in bacteria.Science,153(3737). Blackburn, N., Fenchel, T. and Mitchell, J., 1998. Microscale nutrient patches in planktonic habitats shown by chemotactic bacteria.Science,282(5397). Dusenbery, D.B., 1998. Spatial sensing of stimulus gradients can be superior to temporal sensing for free-swimming bacteria.Biophysical journal,74(5), pp.2272-2277. Hagai, E., Dvora, R., Havkin-Blank, T., Zelinger, E., Porat, Z., Schulz, S. and Helman, Y., 2014. Surface-motility induction, attraction and hitchhiking between bacterial species promote dispersal on solid surfaces.The ISME journal,8(5). Luchsinger, R.H., Bergersen, B. and Mitchell, J.G., 1999. Bacterial swimming strategies and turbulence.Biophysical journal,77(5), pp.2377-2386. Macnab, R.M. and Koshland, D.E., 1972. The gradient-sensing mechanism in bacterial chemotaxis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,69(9), pp.2509-2512. Mitchell, J.G., 2002. The energetics and scaling of search strategies in bacteria.The American Naturalist,160(6), pp.727-740. Seymour, J.R. and Marcos, R.S., 2007. Chemotactic Response of Marine Micro-Organisms to Micro-Scale Nutrient Layers.Journal of visualized experiments: JoVE, (4). Tuson, H.H. and Weibel, D.B., 2013. Bacteriasurface interactions.Soft matter,9(17).

The Importance of Narrative Voice and Dialogue Essay Example

The Importance of Narrative Voice and Dialogue Essay In a continuous essay of not more than 1,000 words, analyse this passage, discussing how narrative voice and dialogue are important elements in the creation of meaning in the passage. Throughout the passage from Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, the author provides many ways to establish the creation of meaning through the use of dialogue and narrative voice. Austen allows the reader insight into the nature of the characters by us of dialogue, in which we see how the characters interact with each other. Austen also uses narrative, focalization, discourse and punctuation to further develop the characters and create familiarity between them and the reader. I hope to analyse the ways in which she does this and the meaning that is consequently created. The narration within the passage is omniscient. The narrator knows the actions, thoughts, words and feelings of not only the characters but also gives the reader insight into the society attitude to the engagement of Jane and Bingley; â€Å"The Bennets were speedily pronounced to be the luckiest family in the world†. The understated way in which the narrator ‘tells’ the reader this using the omniscient voice, allows the reader to absorb the information in a detached way; giving them the impression of a small, judgmental community who are limited in their imagination. This has the effect of enriching the reader’s understanding of the characters that live within the community. In contrast, we are dramatically ‘shown’ by the narrator Mrs Bennet’s reaction, â€Å"Why he has four or five thousand a year†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Narrative Voice and Dialogue specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Narrative Voice and Dialogue specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Narrative Voice and Dialogue specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The litter of exclamation marks in the paragraph convey Mrs Bennet’s excitement, and the reader may judge that Mrs Bennet is shallow and slightly silly. The reader’s judgment is qualified by the fact that Mr Bennet does not reply to this utterance, and perhaps has the opinion that it is an exaggerated response and not worthy of reply. However, the narrator lets us know that while Mrs Bennet’s speech is worthy of judgement; it is an acceptable perspective shared by the society in which she lived and therefore perhaps, nudges the reader to judge them both harshly or conversely understand and excuse her. The society view within the passage, that the good marriage of a daughter is the luck of a family conveys an impression of realism. Mrs Bennet’s speech which features Bingley’s money and good looks, (not mentioning his character at all) also compounds the preconception that in this era these values were considered important before all other virtues. Conversely, the way in which the Bennets are described as being the â€Å"luckiest family in the world† has a quality of romance or a fairy tale/dream ending. Realism and romance are therefore both used to convey the ‘good fortune’ of the family and its implications. The omniscient narrator conveys the point of view of the characters Mary and Kitty to their sister’s engagement through the use of free indirect speech – â€Å"Mary petitioned Kitty begged very hard † this has the effect of giving the reader insight into the nature of the two sisters – they may conclude that Mary is the more staid, scholarly sister and Kitty frivolous, even the names of the characters affirms this. This characterization enables the reader form an opinion on the characters and in doing so gets more involved in the plot. Much of the passage is made up of direct speech between Jane and Elizabeth, this dialogue has the effect of conveying the closeness between the two sisters. The dialogue is interjected with omniscient narration that portrays Elizabeth’s inner thoughts and relief that Bingley had not told Jane of Darcy’s involvement in their previous estrangement â€Å"Elizabeth was pleased†. This has the effect of involving the reader and establishing affection for the character. The reader is privy to thoughts and events that not even her sister is aware of and is therefore complicit in the omission, sharing a secret with Elizabeth; thus drawing the reader to the character and into the narrative. The narrative in the passage is focalized mainly through Elizabeth. It is from her point of view that we observe the events following Jane and Bingley’s engagement, â€Å"Elizabeth had now but little time she found herself useful † this focalization causes the reader to identify with Elizabeth and become fond of her as her character and opinions are expressed. In the dialogue that follows, Jane is predictably extolling the virtues of Bingley and asserting her happiness, â€Å"certainly the most fortunate creature.. † Elizabeth’s response to this gives us insight into the way in which her character and the plot may develop. Elizabeth asserts that â€Å"till I have your disposition I never can have your happiness.. † It is possible that she believes that the good nature of her sister and lack of pride is key to her happiness (alternatively she is being ironic, knowing that she would not be happy with a ‘Bingley’ unless she had a similar temperament to Jane). She is pleased that her sister does not know about Darcy’s interference in her courtship with Bingley as she believes that this would â€Å"prejudice her against him† This could be a significant moment in the plot as pride and prejudice have been keeping Darcy and Elizabeth from finding happiness with each other. The intention to cease prejudice and pride causes the reader to sense and anticipate a happy conclusion, therefore eagerly reads on. The suggestion of moral self knowledge by which means Elizabeth may improve her prospects is showing the reader that reflection and change is required for evolvement. It also shows the dynamic quality of her character. The passage also lets the reader know that Jane’s character has changed over the course of the book â€Å"the most unforgiving speech that I have ever heard you utter. † Experience has led her to treat Miss Bingley with caution, this has the effect of humanizing the character of Jane and making her less static and one dimensional. It also gives the reader no doubt as to the feelings of Elizabeth towards Miss Bingley â€Å"Good girl! It would vex me indeed. the dupe of Miss Bingley’s pretend regard† As Elizabeth is the focalized character, the reader takes this judgement as a fair and accurate one and the poor opinion of Miss Bingley is assumed with no other evidence to confirm it. In conclusion, the narrative voice and dialogue within the passage affords a wealth of meaning. It is possible to study and form opinion on the characters and the environment in which they lived, by the author’s use of characterization. The use of narrative and the In a continuous essay of not more than 1,000 words, analyse this passage, discussing how narrative voice and dialogue are important elements in the creation of meaning in the passage. Throughout the passage from Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, the author provides many ways to establish the creation of meaning through the use of dialogue and narrative voice. Austen allows the reader insight into the nature of the characters by us of dialogue, in which we see how the characters interact with each other. Austen also uses narrative, focalization, discourse and punctuation to further develop the characters and create familiarity between them and the reader. I hope to analyse the ways in which she does this and the meaning that is consequently created. The narration within the passage is omniscient. The narrator knows the actions, thoughts, words and feelings of not only the characters but also gives the reader insight into the society attitude to the engagement of Jane and Bingley; â€Å"The Bennets were speedily ronounced to be the luckiest family in the world†. The understated way in which the narrator ‘tells’ the reader this using the omniscient voice, allows the reader to absorb the information in a detached way; giving them the impression of a small, judgmental community who are limited in their imagination. This has the effect of enriching the reader’s understanding of the characters that live within the community. In contrast, we are dramatically †˜shown’ by the narrator Mrs Bennet’s reaction, â€Å"Why he has four or five thousand a year†. The litter of exclamation marks in the paragraph convey Mrs Bennet’s excitement, and the reader may judge that Mrs Bennet is shallow and slightly silly. The reader’s judgment is qualified by the fact that Mr Bennet does not reply to this utterance, and perhaps has the opinion that it is an exaggerated response and not worthy of reply. However, the narrator lets us know that while Mrs Bennet’s speech is worthy of judgement; it is an acceptable perspective shared by the society in which she lived and therefore perhaps, nudges the reader to judge them both harshly or conversely understand and excuse her. The society view within the passage, that the good marriage of a daughter is the luck of a family conveys an impression of realism. Mrs Bennet’s speech which features Bingley’s money and good looks, (not mentioning his character at all) also compounds the preconception that in this era these values were considered important before all other virtues. Conversely, the way in which the Bennets are described as being the â€Å"luckiest family in the world† has a quality of romance or a fairy tale/dream ending. Realism and romance are therefore both used to convey the ‘good fortune’ of the family and its implications. The omniscient narrator conveys the point of view of the characters Mary and Kitty to their sister’s engagement through the use of free indirect speech – â€Å"Mary petitioned Kitty begged very hard † this has the effect of giving the reader insight into the nature of the two sisters – they may conclude that Mary is the more staid, scholarly sister and Kitty frivolous, even the names of the characters affirms this. This characterization enables the reader form an opinion on the characters and in doing so gets more involved in the plot. Much of the passage is made up of direct speech between Jane and Elizabeth, this dialogue has the effect of conveying the closeness between the two sisters. The dialogue is interjected with omniscient narration that portrays Elizabeth’s inner thoughts and relief that Bingley had not told Jane of Darcy’s involvement in their previous estrangement â€Å"Elizabeth was pleased†. This has the effect of involving the reader and establishing affection for the character. The reader is privy to thoughts and events that not even her sister is aware of and is therefore complicit in the omission, sharing a secret with Elizabeth; thus drawing the reader to the character and into the narrative. The narrative in the passage is focalized mainly through Elizabeth. It is from her point of view that we observe the events following Jane and Bingley’s engagement, â€Å"Elizabeth had now but little time she found herself useful † this focalization causes the reader to identify with Elizabeth and become fond of her as her character and opinions are expressed. In the dialogue that follows, Jane is predictably extolling the virtues of Bingley and asserting her happiness, â€Å"certainly the most fortunate creature.. † Elizabeth’s response to this gives us insight into the way in which her character and the plot may develop. Elizabeth asserts that â€Å"till I have your disposition I never can have your happiness.. † It is possible that she believes that the good nature of her sister and lack of pride is key to her happiness (alternatively she is being ironic, knowing that she would not be happy with a ‘Bingley’ unless she had a similar temperament to Jane). She is pleased that her sister does not know about Darcy’s interference in her courtship with Bingley as she believes that this would â€Å"prejudice her against him† This could be a significant moment in the plot as pride and prejudice have been keeping Darcy and Elizabeth from finding happiness with each other. The intention to cease prejudice and pride causes the reader to sense and anticipate a happy conclusion, therefore eagerly reads on. The suggestion of moral self knowledge by which means Elizabeth may improve her prospects is showing the reader that reflection and change is required for evolvement. It also shows the dynamic quality of her character. The passage also lets the reader know that Jane’s character has changed over the course of the book â€Å"the most unforgiving speech that I have ever heard you utter. † Experience has led her to treat Miss Bingley with caution, this has the effect of humanizing the character of Jane and making her less static and one dimensional. It also gives the reader no doubt as to the feelings of Elizabeth towards Miss Bingley â€Å"Good girl! It would vex me indeed. the dupe of Miss Bingley’s pretend regard† As Elizabeth is the focalized character, the reader takes this judgement as a fair and accurate one and the poor opinion of Miss Bingley is assumed with no other evidence to confirm it. In conclusion, the narrative voice and dialogue within the passage affords a wealth of meaning. It is possible to study and form opinion on the characters and the environment in which they lived, by the author’s use of characterization. The use of narrative and the In a continuous essay of not more than 1,000 words, analyse this passage, discussing how narrative voice and dialogue are important elements in the creation of meaning in the passage. Throughout the passage from Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, the author provides many ways to establish the creation of meaning through the use of dialogue and narrative voice. Austen allows the reader insight into the nature of the characters by us of dialogue, in which we see how the characters interact with each other. Austen also uses narrative, focalization, discourse and punctuation to further develop the characters and create familiarity between them and the reader. I hope to analyse the ways in which she does this and the meaning that is consequently created. The narration within the passage is omniscient. The narrator knows the actions, thoughts, words and feelings of not only the characters but also gives the reader insight into the society attitude to the engagement of Jane and Bingley; â€Å"The Bennets were speedily pronounced to be the luckiest family in the world†. The understated way in which the narrator ‘tells’ the reader this using the omniscient voice, allows the reader to absorb the information in a detached way; giving them the impression of a small, judgmental community who are limited in their imagination. This has the effect of enriching the reader’s understanding of the characters that live within the community. In contrast, we are dramatically ‘shown’ by the narrator Mrs Bennet’s reaction, â€Å"Why he has four or five thousand a year†. The litter of exclamation marks in the paragraph convey Mrs Bennet’s excitement, and the reader may judge that Mrs Bennet is shallow and slightly silly. The reader’s judgment is qualified by the fact that Mr Bennet does not reply to this utterance, and perhaps has the opinion that it is an exaggerated response and not worthy of reply. However, the narrator lets us know that while Mrs Bennet’s speech is worthy of judgement; it is an acceptable perspective shared by the society in which she lived and therefore perhaps, nudges the reader to judge them both harshly or conversely understand and excuse her. The society view within the passage, that the good marriage of a daughter is the luck of a family conveys an impression of realism. Mrs Bennet’s speech which features Bingley’s money and good looks, (not mentioning his character at all) also compounds the preconception that in this era these values were considered important before all other virtues. Conversely, the way in which the Bennets are described as being the â€Å"luckiest family in the world† has a quality of romance or a fairy tale/dream ending. Realism and romance are therefore both used to convey the ‘good fortune’ of the family and its implications. The omniscient narrator conveys the point of view of the characters Mary and Kitty to their sister’s engagement through the use of free indirect speech – â€Å"Mary petitioned Kitty begged very hard † this has the effect of giving the reader insight into the nature of the two sisters – they may conclude that Mary is the more staid, scholarly sister and Kitty frivolous, even the names of the characters affirms this. This characterization enables the reader form an opinion on the characters and in doing so gets more involved in the plot. Much of the passage is made up of direct speech between Jane and Elizabeth, this dialogue has the effect of conveying the closeness between the two sisters. The dialogue is interjected with omniscient narration that portrays Elizabeth’s inner thoughts and relief that Bingley had not told Jane of Darcy’s involvement in their previous estrangement â€Å"Elizabeth was pleased†. This has the effect of involving the reader and establishing affection for the character. The reader is privy to thoughts and events that not even her sister is aware of and is therefore complicit in the omission, sharing a secret with Elizabeth; thus drawing the reader to the character and into the narrative. The narrative in the passage is focalized mainly through Elizabeth. It is from her point of view that we observe the events following Jane and Bingley’s engagement, â€Å"Elizabeth had now but little time she found herself useful † this focalization causes the reader to identify with Elizabeth and become fond of her as her character and opinions are expressed. In the dialogue that follows, Jane is predictably extolling the virtues of Bingley and asserting her happiness, â€Å"certainly the most fortunate creature.. † Elizabeth’s response to this gives us insight into the way in which her character and the plot may develop. Elizabeth asserts that â€Å"till I have your disposition I never can have your happiness.. † It is possible that she believes that the good nature of her sister and lack of pride is key to her happiness (alternatively she is being ironic, knowing that she would not be happy with a ‘Bingley’ unless she had a similar temperament to Jane). She is pleased that her sister does not know about Darcy’s interference in her courtship with Bingley as she believes that this would â€Å"prejudice her against him† This could be a significant moment in the plot as pride and prejudice have been keeping Darcy and Elizabeth from finding happiness with each other. The intention to cease prejudice and pride causes the reader to sense and anticipate a happy conclusion, therefore eagerly reads on. The suggestion of moral self knowledge by which means Elizabeth may improve her prospects is showing the reader that reflection and change is required for evolvement. It also shows the dynamic quality of her character. The passage also lets the reader know that Jane’s character has changed over the course of the book â€Å"the most unforgiving speech that I have ever heard you utter. † Experience has led her to treat Miss Bingley with caution, this has the effect of humanizing the character of Jane and making her less static and one dimensional. It also gives the reader no doubt as to the feelings of Elizabeth towards Miss Bingley â€Å"Good girl! It would vex me indeed. the dupe of Miss Bingley’s pretend regard† As Elizabeth is the focalized character, the reader takes this judgement as a fair and accurate one and the poor opinion of Miss Bingley is assumed with no other evidence to confirm it. In conclusion, the narrative voice and dialogue within the passage affords a wealth of meaning. It is possible to study and form opinion on the characters and the environment in which they lived, by the author’s use of characterization. The use of narrative and the In a continuous essay of not more than 1,000 words, analyse this passage, discussing how narrative voice and dialogue are important elements in the creation of meaning in the passage. Throughout the passage from Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, the author provides many ways to establish the creation of meaning through the use of dialogue and narrative voice. Austen allows the reader insight into the nature of the characters by us of dialogue, in which we see how the characters interact with each other. Austen also uses narrative, focalization, discourse and punctuation to further develop the characters and create familiarity between them and the reader. I hope to analyse the ways in which she does this and the meaning that is consequently created. The narration within the passage is omniscient. The narrator knows the actions, thoughts, words and feelings of not only the characters but also gives the reader insight into the society attitude to the engagement of Jane and Bingley; â€Å"The Bennets were speedily pronounced to be the luckiest family in the world†. The understated way in which the narrator ‘tells’ the reader this using the omniscient voice, allows the reader to absorb the information in a detached way; giving them the impression of a small, judgmental community who are limited in their imagination. This has the effect of enriching the reader’s understanding of the characters that live within the community. In contrast, we are dramatically ‘shown’ by the narrator Mrs Bennet’s reaction, â€Å"Why he has four or five thousand a year†. The litter of exclamation marks in the paragraph convey Mrs Bennet’s excitement, and the reader may judge that Mrs Bennet is shallow and slightly silly. The reader’s judgment is qualified by the fact that Mr Bennet does not reply to this utterance, and perhaps has the opinion that it is an exaggerated response and not worthy of reply. However, the narrator lets us know that while Mrs Bennet’s speech is worthy of judgement; it is an acceptable perspective shared by the society in which she lived and therefore perhaps, nudges the reader to judge them both harshly or conversely understand and excuse her. The society view within the passage, that the good marriage of a daughter is the luck of a family conveys an impression of realism. Mrs Bennet’s speech which features Bingley’s money and good looks, (not mentioning his character at all) also compounds the preconception that in this era these values were considered important before all other virtues. Conversely, the way in which the Bennets are described as being the â€Å"luckiest family in the world† has a quality of romance or a fairy tale/dream ending. Realism and romance are therefore both used to convey the ‘good fortune’ of the family and its implications. The omniscient narrator conveys the point of view of the characters Mary and Kitty to their sister’s engagement through the use of free indirect speech – â€Å"Mary petitioned Kitty begged very hard † this has the effect of giving the reader insight into the nature of the two sisters – they may conclude that Mary is the more staid, scholarly sister and Kitty frivolous, even the names of the characters affirms this. This characterization enables the reader form an opinion on the characters and in doing so gets more involved in the plot. Much of the passage is made up of direct speech between Jane and Elizabeth, this dialogue has the effect of conveying the closeness between the two sisters. The dialogue is interjected with omniscient narration that portrays Elizabeth’s inner thoughts and relief that Bingley had not told Jane of Darcy’s involvement in their previous estrangement â€Å"Elizabeth was pleased†. This has the effect of involving the reader and establishing affection for the character. The reader is privy to thoughts and events that not even her sister is aware of and is therefore complicit in the omission, sharing a secret with Elizabeth; thus drawing the reader to the character and into the narrative. The narrative in the passage is focalized mainly through Elizabeth. It is from her point of view that we observe the events following Jane and Bingley’s engagement, â€Å"Elizabeth had now but little time she found herself useful † this focalization causes the reader to identify with Elizabeth and become fond of her as her character and opinions are expressed. In the dialogue that follows, Jane is predictably extolling the virtues of Bingley and asserting her happiness, â€Å"certainly the most fortunate creature.. † Elizabeth’s response to this gives us insight into the way in which her character and the plot may develop. Elizabeth asserts that â€Å"till I have your disposition I never can have your happiness.. † It is possible that she believes that the good nature of her sister and lack of pride is key to her happiness (alternatively she is being ironic, knowing that she would not be happy with a ‘Bingley’ unless she had a similar temperament to Jane). She is pleased that her sister does not know about Darcy’s interference in her courtship with Bingley as she believes that this would â€Å"prejudice her against him† This could be a significant moment in the plot as pride and prejudice have been keeping Darcy and Elizabeth from finding happiness with each other. The intention to cease prejudice and pride causes the reader to sense and anticipate a happy conclusion, therefore eagerly reads on. The suggestion of moral self knowledge by which means Elizabeth may improve her prospects is showing the reader that reflection and change is required for evolvement. It also shows the dynamic quality of her character. The passage also lets the reader know that Jane’s character has changed over the course of the book â€Å"the most unforgiving speech that I have ever heard you utter. † Experience has led her to treat Miss Bingley with caution, this has the effect of humanizing the character of Jane and making her less static and one dimensional. It also gives the reader no doubt as to the feelings of Elizabeth towards Miss Bingley â€Å"Good girl! It would vex me indeed. the dupe of Miss Bingley’s pretend regard† As Elizabeth is the focalized character, the reader takes this judgement as a fair and accurate one and the poor opinion of Miss Bingley is assumed with no other evidence to confirm it. In conclusion, the narrative voice and dialogue within the passage affords a wealth of meaning. It is possible to study and form opinion on the characters and the environment in which they lived, by the author’s use of characterization. The use of narrative and the In a continuous essay of not more than 1,000 words, analyse this passage, discussing how narrative voice and dialogue are important elements in the creation of meaning in the passage. Throughout the passage from Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, the author provides many ways to establish the creation of meaning through the use of dialogue and narrative voice. Austen allows the reader insight into the nature of the characters by us of dialogue, in which we see how the characters interact with each other. Austen also uses narrative, focalization, discourse and punctuation to further develop the characters and create familiarity between them and the reader. I hope to analyse the ways in which she does this and the meaning that is consequently created. The narration within the passage is omniscient. The narrator knows the actions, thoughts, words and feelings of not only the characters but also gives the reader insight into the society attitude to the engagement of Jane and Bingley; â€Å"The Bennets were speedily pronounced to be the luckiest family in the world†. The understated way in which the narrator ‘tells’ the reader this using the omniscient voice, allows the reader to absorb the information in a detached way; giving them the impression of a small, judgmental community who are limited in their imagination. This has the effect of enriching the reader’s understanding of the characters that live within the community. In contrast, we are dramatically ‘shown’ by the narrator Mrs Bennet’s reaction, â€Å"Why he has four or five thousand a year†. The litter of exclamation marks in the paragraph convey Mrs Bennet’s excitement, and the reader may judge that Mrs Bennet is shallow and slightly silly. The reader’s judgment is qualified by the fact that Mr Bennet does not reply to this utterance, and perhaps has the opinion that it is an exaggerated response and not worthy of reply. However, the narrator lets us know that while Mrs Bennet’s speech is worthy of judgement; it is an acceptable perspective shared by the society in which she lived and therefore perhaps, nudges the reader to judge them both harshly or conversely understand and excuse her. The society view within the passage, that the good marriage of a daughter is the luck of a family conveys an impression of realism. Mrs Bennet’s speech which features Bingley’s money and good looks, (not mentioning his character at all) also compounds the preconception that in this era these values were considered important before all other virtues. Conversely, the way in which the Bennets are described as being the â€Å"luckiest family in the world† has a quality of romance or a fairy tale/dream ending. Realism and romance are therefore both used to convey the ‘good fortune’ of the family and its implications. The omniscient narrator conveys the point of view of the characters Mary and Kitty to their sister’s engagement through the use of free indirect speech – â€Å"Mary petitioned Kitty begged very hard † this has the effect of giving the reader insight into the nature of the two sisters – they may conclude that Mary is the more staid, scholarly sister and Kitty frivolous, even the names of the characters affirms this. This characterization enables the reader form an opinion on the characters and in doing so gets more involved in the plot. Much of the passage is made up of direct speech between Jane and Elizabeth, this dialogue has the effect of conveying the closeness between the two sisters. The dialogue is interjected with omniscient narration that portrays Elizabeth’s inner thoughts and relief that Bingley had not told Jane of Darcy’s involvement in their previous estrangement â€Å"Elizabeth was pleased†. This has the effect of involving the reader and establishing affection for the character. The reader is privy to thoughts and events that not even her sister is aware of and is therefore complicit in the omission, sharing a secret with Elizabeth; thus drawing the reader to the character and into the narrative. The narrative in the passage is focalized mainly through Elizabeth. It is from her point of view that we observe the events following Jane and Bingley’s engagement, â€Å"Elizabeth had now but little time she found herself useful † this focalization causes the reader to identify with Elizabeth and become fond of her as her character and opinions are expressed. In the dialogue that follows, Jane is predictably extolling the virtues of Bingley and asserting her happiness, â€Å"certainly the most fortunate creature.. † Elizabeth’s response to this gives us insight into the way in which her character and the plot may develop. Elizabeth asserts that â€Å"till I have your disposition I never can have your happiness.. † It is possible that she believes that the good nature of her sister and lack of pride is key to her happiness (alternatively she is being ironic, knowing that she would not be happy with a ‘Bingley’ unless she had a similar temperament to Jane). She is pleased that her sister does not know about Darcy’s interference in her courtship with Bingley as she believes that this would â€Å"prejudice her against him† This could be a significant moment in the plot as pride and prejudice have been keeping Darcy and Elizabeth from finding happiness with each other. The intention to cease prejudice and pride causes the reader to sense and anticipate a happy conclusion, therefore eagerly reads on. The suggestion of moral self knowledge by which means Elizabeth may improve her prospects is showing the reader that reflection and change is required for evolvement. It also shows the dynamic quality of her character. The passage also lets the reader know that Jane’s character has changed over the course of the book â€Å"the most unforgiving speech that I have ever heard you utter. † Experience has led her to treat Miss Bingley with caution, this has the effect of humanizing the character of Jane and making her less static and one dimensional. It also gives the reader no doubt as to the feelings of Elizabeth towards Miss Bingley â€Å"Good girl! It would vex me indeed. he dupe of Miss Bingley’s pretend regard† As Elizabeth is the focalized character, the reader takes this judgement as a fair and accurate one and the poor opinion of Miss Bingley is assumed with no other evidence to confirm it. In conclusion, the narrative voice and dialogue within the passage affords a wealth of meaning. It is possible to study and form opinion on the characters and the environment in which they lived, by the author’s use of cha racterization. The use of narrative and the different perspectives this creates, envelopes the reader into the world of the Bennets. Even the punctuation used gives the reader vital clues, establishing a mental picture in the mind of the reader, drawing them into the story and giving it life. References Austen, Jane. (1813)Pride and Prejudice, Oxford World Classics (volume 111, chapter 13) Bibliography Austen, Jane. (1813)Pride and Prejudice, Oxford World Classics. Padley, Steve. (2001) Approaching Prose Fiction, Milton Keynes, The Open University. Walder, Dennis. (1995) The Realist Novel, Oxon, Routledge/The Open University. A210 (2006) DVD 1, The language of Realism I, The Open University, CDA5746, Track 3.